# Tuono tutorial

This tutorial is meant for giving you a sneak peek of the framework and is intended to evolve along the development - be sure to have installed the latest version.

The first part is about the project setup and the base knowledge needed to work with tuono. The actual tutorial starts at [Tutorial introduction](#tutorial-introduction).

> I'd love to hear your thoughts about the framework and the tutorial - feel free to reach me 
at [valerioageno@yahoo.it](mailto:valerioageno@yahoo.it) or on Twitter (X) DMs 
[@valerioageno](https://twitter.com/valerioageno)

This tutorial is **not meant** for people that don't know React - in that case I suggest you to first read the [React doc](https://react.dev/);

Typescript and Rust knowledge is not a requirement though!

## Table of Content

* [CLI Installation](#cli-installation)
* [Project scaffold](#project-scaffold)
* [Start the dev environment](#start-the-dev-environment)
* [The “/” route](#the--route)
* [Tutorial introduction](#tutorial-introduction)
* [Fetch all the pokemons](#fetch-all-the-pokemons)
* [Create a stand-alone component](#create-a-stand-alone-component)
* [Create the /pokemons/[pokemon] route](#create-the-pokemonspokemon-route)
* [Error handling](#error-handling)
* [Seo and meta tags](#seo-and-meta-tags)
* [Handle redirections](#handle-redirections)
* [Building for production](#building-for-production)
* [Conclusion](#conclusion)

## CLI Installation

The tuono CLI is hosted on [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/tuono); to download and install it just run on a terminal:

```bash
$ cargo install tuono
```

To check that is correctly installed run:

```bash
$ tuono --version
```

Run `tuono -h` to see all the available commands.

## Project scaffold

To setup a new fresh project you just need to run the following command:

```bash
$ tuono new tuono-tutorial
```

Get into the project folder and install the dependencies with:

```bash
$ npm install
```

Open it with your favourite code editor.

The project will have the following structure:

```
├── package.json
├── public
├── src
│   ├── routes
│   └── styles
├── Cargo.toml
├── README.md
└── tsconfig.json
```

**public/**: put here all the files you want to be public

**src/routes/**: All the files in this folder are considered routes. All the routes are server side rendered out of the box. To add server side capabilities just create a rust file with the same name as the route (i.e. `about.tsx` → `about.rs`).

**src/styles/**: In this folder there is the `global.css` file that stores all the global styles. For the rest of the project you can use CSS modules (⚠️ CSS modules on routes are forbidden). 

## Start the dev environment

To start the development environment you just need to run the following command within the project folder:

```bash
$ tuono dev
```
The first time might take a little bit because it will install all the rust’s dependencies. All the other execution will be pretty quick!

> 💡 The `tuono dev` development script is currently under strong optimization improvements. In case you face any error delete the cache `.tuono` folder and run it again!

Then open [`http://localhost:3000/`](http://localhost:3000/) on the browser.

## The “/” route

All the `index.tsx` files represent the folder root page (i.e. `src/routes/posts/index.tsx` is [`http://localhost:3000/posts`](http://localhost:3000/posts) as well as `src/routes/posts.tsx`).

The file `index.rs` represents the server side capabilities for the index route. On this file you can:

- Passing server side props
- Changing http status code
- Redirecting to a different route

## Tutorial introduction

Now that we have some knowledge about the project structure let’s start the real tutorial. 

The goal is to use the [PokeAPI](https://pokeapi.co/docs/v2) to list all the pokemons of the first generation (the best one btw) and then reserve a dynamic page for each one separately.

> If you have already installed the tuono CLI and you prefer read the code instead of writing it yourself 
you can download the tutorial source with `tuono new tuono-tutorial --template tutorial`

## Fetch all the pokemons

To start let’s fetch all of them in the root page; since we want to render them on the server side we gonna need to implement the logic in the `index.rs` file.

Clear the `index.rs` file and paste:

```rust
// src/routes/index.rs
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use tuono_lib::reqwest::Client;
use tuono_lib::{Props, Request, Response};

const ALL_POKEMON: &str = "https://pokeapi.co/api/v2/pokemon?limit=151";

#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Pokemons {
    results: Vec<Pokemon>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Pokemon {
    name: String,
    url: String,
}

#[tuono_lib::handler]
async fn get_all_pokemons(_req: Request, fetch: Client) -> Response {
    return match fetch.get(ALL_POKEMON).send().await {
        Ok(res) => {
            let data = res.json::<Pokemons>().await.unwrap();
            Response::Props(Props::new(data))
        }
        Err(_err) => Response::Props(Props::new("{}")),
    };
}
```

Now the pokemons are correctly fetched and hydrated on the client side so we can actually use them. Clear the `index.tsx` file and paste:

```tsx
// src/routes/index.tsx
import type { TuonoProps } from "tuono";

interface Pokemon {
  name: string
}

interface IndexProps {
  results: Pokemon[]
}

export default function IndexPage({
  data,
}: TuonoProps<IndexProps>): JSX.Element {
  if (!data?.results) {
    return <></>;
  }

  return (
    <>
      <header className="header">
        <a href="https://crates.io/crates/tuono" target="_blank">
          Crates
        </a>
        <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/tuono" target="_blank">
          Npm
        </a>
      </header>
      <div className="title-wrap">
        <h1 className="title">
          TU<span>O</span>NO
        </h1>
        <div className="logo">
          <img src="rust.svg" className="rust" />
          <img src="react.svg" className="react" />
        </div>
      </div>
      <ul style={{ flexWrap: "wrap", display: "flex", gap: 10 }}>
        {data.results.map((pokemon) => {
          return pokemon.name;
        })}
      </ul>
    </>
  );
}
```

Refresh now the browser! A bit ugly but all the pokemons are finally printed on screen!

## Create a stand-alone component

Let’s then create the button needed for displaying the list of pokemons.

Create the following file `src/components/PokemonLink.tsx` and fill the content with:

```tsx
// src/components/PokemonLink.tsx
import { Link } from "tuono";

interface Pokemon {
  name: string
}

export default function PokemonLink({
  pokemon,
  id,
}: {
  pokemon: Pokemon;
  id: number;
}): JSX.Element {
  return (
    <Link href={`/pokemons/${pokemon.name}`}>
      {pokemon.name}
      <img
        src={`https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PokeAPI/sprites/master/sprites/pokemon/${id}.png`}
      />
    </Link>
  );
}
```

Now that the link is done let’s import it in the `index.tsx` file

```diff
// src/routes/index.tsx

++  import PokemonLink from '../components/PokemonLink'

// ...
	<ul style={{ flexWrap: "wrap", display: "flex", gap: 10 }}>
--      {pokemons.map((pokemon) => {
--        return pokemon.name;
++      {pokemons.map((pokemon, i) => {
++        return <PokemonLink pokemon={pokemon} id={i + 1} key={i} />;
      })}
	</ul>
// ...
```

Now the links work. Clicking on any of them we get redirected to the 404 page because we haven’t yet implemented the `pokemons/[pokemon]` page. 
As previously said CSS modules are enabled out of the box so let’s make those links a little bit nicer.

Create alongside the `PokemonLink.tsx` component the CSS module `PokemonLink.module.css` and copy the following content into it:

```css
/* src/components/PokemonLink.module.css */

.link {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 216px;
  position: relative;
  background: white;
  margin-bottom: 10px;
  border: solid #f0f0f0 1px;
  text-decoration: none;
  color: black;
  padding: 5px 5px 5px 15px;
  border-radius: 10px;
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  transition: 0.2s;
  align-items: center;
}

.link:hover {
  box-shadow: rgba(100, 100, 111, 0.2) 0px 7px 29px 0px;
}

.link img {
  width: 70px;
  background: white;
  border-radius: 50%;
}
```

> 💡 SASS is supported out of the box. Just install the processor in the devDependencies `npm i -D sass` and run again `tuono dev`

Then import the styles into the `PokemonLink` component as following:

```diff
// src/components/PokemonLink.tsx
import { Link } from "tuono";
import type { Pokemon } from "./../types/pokemon";
++ import styles from './PokemonLink.module.css'

export default function PokemonLink({
  pokemon,
  id,
}: {
  pokemon: Pokemon;
  id: number;
}): JSX.Element {
  return (
--    <Link href={`/pokemons/${pokemon.name}`}>
++    <Link className={styles.link} href={`/pokemons/${pokemon.name}`}>
      {pokemon.name}
      <img
        src={`https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PokeAPI/sprites/master/sprites/pokemon/${id}.png`}
      />
    </Link>
  );
}
```

## Create the `/pokemons/[pokemon]` route

The homepage is ready. We have the full list of pokemons and they are all links. Great!

Now we want to make those links actually pointing to a real page. Let’s create the dynamic route.

Create the folder `routes/pokemons` and then create the two files `[pokemon].tsx` and `[pokemon].rs`.

These two will handle every requests that points to `http://localhost:3000/pokemons/bulbasaur..mew`.

Let’s first work on the server side file. Paste into the new `[pokemon].rs` file the following code:

```rust
// src/routes/pokemons/[pokemon].rs
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use tuono_lib::reqwest::Client;
use tuono_lib::{Props, Request, Response};

const POKEMON_API: &str = "https://pokeapi.co/api/v2/pokemon";

#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Pokemon {
    name: String,
    id: u16,
    weight: u16,
    height: u16,
}

#[tuono_lib::handler]
async fn get_pokemon(req: Request, fetch: Client) -> Response {
    // The param `pokemon` is defined in the route filename [pokemon].rs
    let pokemon = req.params.get("pokemon").unwrap();

    return match fetch.get(format!("{POKEMON_API}/{pokemon}")).send().await {
        Ok(res) => {
            let data = res.json::<Pokemon>().await.unwrap();
            Response::Props(Props::new(data))
        }
        Err(_err) => Response::Props(Props::new("{}"))
    };
}
```

Then let’s work on the frontend. Paste into the `[pokemon].tsx` file the following code:

```tsx
import { TuonoProps } from "tuono";
import PokemonView from "../../components/PokemonView";

export default function Pokemon({ data }: TuonoProps): JSX.Element {
  return <PokemonView pokemon={data} />;
}
```

The browser should complain that the component `PokemonView` does not exist. Let’s create it then!

```tsx
// components/PokemonView.tsx
import { Link } from "tuono";
import styles from "./PokemonView.module.css";

interface Pokemon {
  name: string
  id: string
  weight: number
  height: number
}

export default function PokemonView({
  pokemon,
}: {
  pokemon?: Pokemon;
}): JSX.Element {
  return (
    <div>
      <Link className={styles["back-btn"]} href="/">
        Back
      </Link>
      {pokemon?.name && (
        <div className={styles.pokemon}>
          <div>
            <h1 className={styles.name}>
              {pokemon.name}
            </h1>
            <dl className={styles.spec}>
              <dt className={styles.label}>Weight:</dt>
              <dd>{pokemon.weight}lbs</dd>
            </dl>
            <dl className={styles.spec}>
              <dt className={styles.label}>Height:</dt>
              <dd>{pokemon.height}ft</dd>
            </dl>
          </div>
          <img
            src={`https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PokeAPI/sprites/master/sprites/pokemon/other/official-artwork/${pokemon.id}.png`}
          />
        </div>
      )}
    </div>
  );
}
```

```css
/* components/PokemonView.module.css */
.back-btn {
  background-color: white;
  border-radius: 10px;
  padding: 7px 15px;
  color: black;
  text-decoration: none;
  border: solid #f0f0f0 1px;
  font-size: 20px;
}

.back-btn:hover {
  box-shadow: rgba(100, 100, 111, 0.2) 0px 7px 29px 0px;
}

.pokemon {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
  margin-top: 20px;
}

.name {
  font-size: 50px;
  font-weight: 700;
}

.pokemon img {
  width: 400px;
}

.spec {
  display: flex;
  font-size: 18px;
  margin-top: 10px;
}

.label {
  font-weight: 700;
}
```

## Error handling

With the current setup all the routes always return a `200 Success` http status no matter the response type.

In order to return a more meaningful status code to the browser the `Props` struct can be initialized with also the
`Props::new_with_status()` method.

Let's see how it works!

```diff
// src/routes/pokemons/[pokemon].rs
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-- use tuono_lib::reqwest::Client;
++ use tuono_lib::reqwest::{Client, StatusCode};
use tuono_lib::{Props, Request, Response};

const POKEMON_API: &str = "https://pokeapi.co/api/v2/pokemon";

#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Pokemon {
    name: String,
    id: u16,
    weight: u16,
    height: u16,
}

#[tuono_lib::handler]
async fn get_pokemon(req: Request, fetch: Client) -> Response {
    // The param `pokemon` is defined in the route filename [pokemon].rs
    let pokemon = req.params.get("pokemon").unwrap();

    return match fetch.get(format!("{POKEMON_API}/{pokemon}")).send().await {
        Ok(res) => {
++            if res.status() == StatusCode::NOT_FOUND {
++                return Response::Props(Props::new_with_status("{}", StatusCode::NOT_FOUND));
++             }

            let data = res.json::<Pokemon>().await.unwrap();
            Response::Props(Props::new(data))
        }
--        Err(_err) => Response::Props(Props::new(
++        Err(_err) => Response::Props(Props::new_with_status(
++            "{}",
++            StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
        )),
    };
}
```

```diff
// src/routes/index.rs
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-- use tuono_lib::reqwest::Client;
++ use tuono_lib::reqwest::{Client, StatusCode};
use tuono_lib::{Props, Request, Response};

const ALL_POKEMON: &str = "https://pokeapi.co/api/v2/pokemon?limit=151";

#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Pokemons {
    results: Vec<Pokemon>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Pokemon {
    name: String,
    url: String,
}

#[tuono_lib::handler]
async fn get_all_pokemons(_req: Request, fetch: Client) -> Response {
    return match fetch.get(ALL_POKEMON).send().await {
        Ok(res) => {
            let data = res.json::<Pokemons>().await.unwrap();
            Response::Props(Props::new(data))
        }
--        Err(_err) => Response::Props(Props::new(
++        Err(_err) => Response::Props(Props::new_with_status(
++            "{}", // Return empty JSON
++            StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
        )),
    };
}
```

If you now try to load a not existing pokemon (`http://localhost:3000/pokemons/tuono-pokemon`) you will 
correctly receive a 404 status code in the console.

## Seo and meta tags

The website now works and the http errors are meaningful but we should also take care to be meaningful
for the web crawlers. The best way to do it is to enrich the meta tags like the `<title>` and the
`<description>`.

To do so `tuono` exposes also the `<Head />` component useful exactly for handling this scenario. Let's update the `/` and the
`/pokemons/[pokemon]` routes with this.

```diff
// src/routes/index.tsx
import type { TuonoProps } from "tuono";
++ import { Head } from "tuono"

interface Pokemon {
  name: string
}

interface IndexProps {
  results: Pokemon[]
}

export default function IndexPage({
  data,
}: TuonoProps<IndexProps>): JSX.Element {
  if (!data?.results) {
    return <></>;
  }

  return (
    <>
++    <Head>
++      <title>Tuono tutorial</title>
++    </Head>
      <header className="header">
        <a href="https://crates.io/crates/tuono" target="_blank">
          Crates
        </a>
        <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/tuono" target="_blank">
          Npm
        </a>
      </header>
      <div className="title-wrap">
        <h1 className="title">
          TU<span>O</span>NO
        </h1>
        <div className="logo">
          <img src="rust.svg" className="rust" />
          <img src="react.svg" className="react" />
        </div>
      </div>
      <ul style={{ flexWrap: "wrap", display: "flex", gap: 10 }}>
        {data.results.map((pokemon) => {
          return pokemon.name;
        })}
      </ul>
    </>
  );
}
```

```diff
// src/routes/pokemons/[pokemon].tsx
-- import { TuonoProps } from "tuono";
++ import { TuonoProps, Head } from "tuono";
import PokemonView from "../../components/PokemonView";

export default function Pokemon({ data }: TuonoProps): JSX.Element {
--  return <PokemonView pokemon={data} />;
++  return (
++        <>
++            <Head>
++                <title>Pokemon: ${data?.name}</title>
++            </Head>
++            <PokemonView pokemon={data} />
++        </>
++    )
}
```

The `Head` component takes as children any valid HTML meta tag.

## Handle redirections

What if there is a pokemon among all of them that should be considered the GOAT? What
we are going to do right now is creating a new route `/pokemons/GOAT` that points to the best
pokemon of the first generation.

First let's create a new route by just creating an new file `/pokemons/GOAT.rs` and pasting the following code:

```rs
// src/routes/pokemons/GOAT.rs
use tuono_lib::{reqwest::Client, Request, Response};

#[tuono_lib::handler]
async fn redirect_to_goat(_: Request, _: Client) -> Response {
    // Of course the GOAT is mewtwo - feel free to select your favourite 😉
    Response::Redirect("/pokemons/mewtwo".to_string()) 
}
```

Now let's create the button in the home page to actually point to it!

```diff
// src/routes/index.tsx

<ul style={{ flexWrap: 'wrap', display: 'flex', gap: 10 }}>
++      <PokemonLink pokemon={{ name: 'GOAT' }} id={0} />
        {data.results.map((pokemon, i) => {
          return <PokemonLink pokemon={pokemon} id={i + 1} key={i} />
        })}
</ul>
```

Now at [http://localhost:3000/](http:/localhost:3000/) you will find a new link at the beginning of the list.
Click on it and see the application automatically redirecting you to your favourite pokemon's route!

## Building for production

The source now is ready to be released. Both server and client have been managed in a unoptimized way
to easy the development experience. To build the project to the production state just run:

```shell
$ tuono build
```

This command just created the final assets within the `out` directory. To run then the prodiction server
run:

```shell
$ cargo run --release
```

Check again [`http://localhost:3000/`](http://localhost:3000/) - This environment now has all the
optimizations ready to unleash the power of a rust server that seamessly renders a React application!🚀

> Note: The `out` directory is not standalone. You can't rely just on it to run the production server.

## Conclusion

That’s it! You just created a multi thread full stack application with rust and react. 

The project is still under heavy development and many features are not ready yet but 
I hope you got the taste of what is like working with rust and react in the same stack.

As I mentioned in the introduction I'd love to hear what you thought about the framework and the tutorial - feel free to reach me 
at [valerioageno@yahoo.it](mailto:valerioageno@yahoo.it) or in Twitter (X) DMs [@valerioageno](https://twitter.com/valerioageno).